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釋迦牟尼 शाक्यमुनि Śākyamuni 釈迦
釋迦牟尼 शाक्यमुनि Śākyamuni 釈迦

中文:

釋迦牟尼(梵語:शाक्यमुनि,Śākyamuni,意為「釋迦族之聖者」),本名喬達摩·悉達多(前563/480年—前483/400年,巴利語:Siddhāttha Gotama;梵語:सिद्धार्थ गौतम,Siddhārtha Gautama),古南亞地區的思想家、教育家、宗教家、哲學家、婆羅門教的改革家,佛教奠基人;稱號為釋迦牟尼佛(梵語:Buddha Śākyamuni)、喬達摩佛(梵語:Gautama Buddha)、佛陀(意思為「覺悟者」)、世尊、釋尊等;又簡稱釋迦文佛、釋迦如來、釋迦佛,(「釋迦」是其種族名,意為「能仁」,「牟尼」則是古梵文對於聖者的尊稱,意為「寂默」)。釋迦牟尼出生於今尼泊爾南部的王族家庭,為剎帝利種姓。

佛教認為釋迦牟尼是世間最尊貴者,弟子與信徒常以世尊稱呼釋迦牟尼。但佛教徒認為,佛不是神明,並非宗教意義的神,因為諸佛都本來自人,只是覺悟了而已,《增壹阿含經》:「諸佛世尊皆出人間,非由天而得也。」

佛又稱如來,在佛典認定是教化我世界之佛,故稱我佛;又尊稱本師佛,從明朝開始,漢地尊稱釋迦牟尼為如來佛祖或佛祖,或簡化合稱為如來佛,清代滿人則稱釋迦牟尼為佛爺。

喬達摩(梵語:Gautama,巴利語:Gotama)又音譯作瞿曇、喬答摩,是釋迦族的姓氏,傳統上認為這是釋迦牟尼佛的姓,源自釋迦族祖先喬達摩仙人的名字,其在劫比羅城和天示城等的族裔稱為釋迦族。《梨俱吠陀》讚歌作者之一Vāmadeva之父是七仙人之喬答摩仙人,有傳說釋迦族或與之有關。

釋迦族的姓氏除了「喬達摩」、「日種」、「甘蔗種」之外,《佛本行集經》還記載有個稱呼是「奢夷耆耶」,以住處為姓故稱「舍夷」。

悉達多(梵文:Siddhārtha,巴利文:Siddhāttha)或譯悉達陀、悉達,意思是「吉財」、「吉祥」、「一切功德成就」,又作「薩婆曷剌他悉陀」(梵文:Sarvārthasiddha),意為「意義成就」或「一切義成」,這是釋迦牟尼佛的名字。佛陀傳記中,淨飯王還為他起了其他的名號如「天中天」和「千象力」等,佛陀證道後不希望人們仍以俗世時名號稱呼如來。

釋迦牟尼是後人對佛陀的尊稱。「釋迦」是他所屬的部族釋迦族的名稱,有「能」、「勇」的意思;「牟尼」又音譯為「文」,意為「仁」、「聖賢」、「禁慾修道僧」、「寂默」,所以又譯作「能仁寂默」、「釋迦文佛」、「能仁佛」等。按古印度傳統,「牟尼」是當時對出家乞食、離欲修道、修行成就者的稱謂,在《梨俱吠陀》的誦詩中,曾經記載一種出家修行者,稱為「牟尼」,他蓄長髮、著褐色的髒衣、可以飛行空中,喝飲毒汁而無恙。「釋迦牟尼」可意譯為「來自釋迦族的修行成就者」、「釋迦族的聖人」。

此外,大乘佛教對他又有不同的尊稱,如《華嚴經》中又稱他為毘盧遮那佛,毘盧遮那是光明遍照的意思,俗謂大日如來。依照大乘佛教不同派系的見解,或認為毘盧遮那佛是法身佛,釋迦牟尼佛為應化身,而報身稱為盧舍那佛。


English:

Siddhartha Gautama, most commonly referred to as the Buddha ("the awakened"), was a wandering ascetic and religious teacher who lived in South Asia during the 6th or 5th century BCE and founded Buddhism.

According to Buddhist tradition, he was born in Lumbini, in what is now Nepal, to royal parents of the Shakya clan, but renounced his home life to live as a wandering ascetic (Sanskrit: śramaṇa). After leading a life of begging, asceticism, and meditation, he attained enlightenment at Bodh Gaya in what is now India. The Buddha thereafter wandered through the lower Indo-Gangetic Plain, teaching and building a monastic order. He taught a Middle Way between sensual indulgence and severe asceticism, leading to Nirvana, that is, freedom from ignorance, craving, rebirth, and suffering. His teachings are summarized in the Noble Eightfold Path, a training of the mind that includes ethical training and meditative practices such as sense restraint, kindness toward others, mindfulness, and jhana/dhyana (meditation proper). He died in Kushinagar, attaining parinirvana. The Buddha has since been venerated by numerous religions and communities across Asia.

A couple of centuries after his death, he came to be known by the title Buddha, which means "Awakened One" or "Enlightened One." His teachings were compiled by the Buddhist community in the Vinaya, his codes for monastic practice, and the Sutta Piṭaka, a compilation of teachings based on his discourses. These were passed down in Middle Indo-Aryan dialects through an oral tradition. Later generations composed additional texts, such as systematic treatises known as Abhidharma, biographies of the Buddha, collections of stories about his past lives known as Jataka tales, and additional discourses, i.e., the Mahayana sutras.


日本語:

釈迦(しゃか、旧字体: 釋迦、サンスクリット語: शाक्यमुनि、Śākyamuni)は、北インドの人物で、仏教の開祖。ただし、存命していた時代については後述の通り紀元前7世紀、紀元前6世紀、紀元前5世紀など複数の説があり、正確な生没年は分かっていない。

姓名はサンスクリット語の発音に基づいた表記ではガウタマ・シッダールタ(梵: गौतम सिद्धार्थ Gautama Siddhārtha)、パーリ語の発音に基づいてゴータマ・シッダッタ(巴: Gotama Siddhattha)とも表記される。漢訳では瞿曇悉達多(くどんしっだった)である。

仏舎利と言われる遺骨は真身舎利、真正仏舎利として今も祀られ、信仰を集めている。

その言動は阿含経典群に記されてある。




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